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Frontiers in Microbiology 2022is the causative agent of cat scratch disease and other clinical entities such as endocarditis and bacillary angiomatosis. The life cycle of this pathogen, with...
is the causative agent of cat scratch disease and other clinical entities such as endocarditis and bacillary angiomatosis. The life cycle of this pathogen, with alternating host conditions, drives evolutionary and host-specific adaptations. Human, feline, and laboratory adapted isolates often display genomic and phenotypic differences that are related to the expression of outer membrane proteins, for example the adhesin A (BadA). This modularly-structured trimeric autotransporter adhesin is a major virulence factor of and is crucial for the initial binding to the host via the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen. By using next-generation long-read sequencing we demonstrate a conserved genome among eight isolates and identify a variable genomic island with a diversified and highly repetitive gene flanked by pseudogenes. Two of the eight tested strains lack BadA expression because of frameshift mutations. We suggest that active recombination mechanisms, possibly via phase variation (i.e., slipped-strand mispairing and site-specific recombination) within the repetitive island facilitate reshuffling of homologous domain arrays. The resulting variations among the different BadA proteins might contribute to host immune evasion and enhance long-term and efficient colonisation in the differing host environments. Considering the role of BadA as a key virulence factor, it remains important to check consistently and regularly for BadA surface expression during experimental infection procedures.
PubMed: 35197960
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.838267 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases 1995The search for the infectious agents responsible for cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and related syndromes has a long and often circuitous history.... (Review)
Review
The search for the infectious agents responsible for cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and related syndromes has a long and often circuitous history. Recognition of the etiologic agents and a new understanding of the fundamental features of the epidemiology and natural history of modern day Bartonella (formerly Rochalimaea)-associated diseases culminate a multipartite story that combines clinical medicine, traditional microbiology, and novel technological approaches to solve a long-standing enigma.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Angiomatosis, Bacillary; Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Bartonella Infections; Bartonella henselae; Cat-Scratch Disease; Cats; Disease Reservoirs; Humans; Molecular Biology
PubMed: 8903149
DOI: 10.3201/eid0101.950103 -
Transplantation Proceedings Oct 2020Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) is a rare, opportunistic infectious disease caused by the aerobic Gram-negative bacilli Bartonella henselae or Bartonella quintana. The main...
INTRODUCTION
Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) is a rare, opportunistic infectious disease caused by the aerobic Gram-negative bacilli Bartonella henselae or Bartonella quintana. The main reservoir for those microbes are cats. The disease mostly affects immunocompromised patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection, after organ transplantation, undergoing corticosteroid and methotrexate therapy or with oncological history.
CASE REPORT
We represent the case of a 65-year-old man who reported to the Department of Dermatology with a high fever and numerous nodular skin lesions on the 5th month of kidney transplantation. At that time, his immunosuppressive therapy consisted of tacrolimus 6 mg/day, mycophenolate mofetil 2 g/day, and prednisone 5 mg/day. Laboratory tests revealed an increased leukocyte count and elevated values of acute-phase proteins, but blood cultures were negative. Skin biopsy was performed and BA was diagnosed. The patient was given oral doxycycline 100 mg twice a day. During antibiotic therapy, his body temperature normalized and skin lesions began to resolve. The patient continued the above treatment for the next 3 months with good tolerance, and no relapse occurred in 1 year.
CONCLUSION
BA should be listed among possible opportunistic infections in organ transplant recipients.
Topics: Aged; Angiomatosis, Bacillary; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bartonella henselae; Cats; Doxycycline; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppression Therapy; Kidney Transplantation; Male; Opportunistic Infections; Postoperative Complications; Skin
PubMed: 32334794
DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.02.092 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jul 1995Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) presents most commonly as a cutaneous disease and is caused by two organisms. Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae and Bartonella (Rochalimaea)... (Review)
Review
Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) presents most commonly as a cutaneous disease and is caused by two organisms. Bartonella (Rochalimaea) henselae and Bartonella (Rochalimaea) quintana. Biopsy confirmation of cutaneous BA is essential because lesions can mimic nodular Kaposi's sarcoma in appearance. Although the vast majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients with BA have CD4 lymphocyte counts of less than 100 cells per mm3, the disease responds well to antimicrobial therapy. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common bacterial skin pathogen affecting HIV-infected patients. The prevalence of skin disease due to S. aureus may be explained by high nasal carriage rates for the organism ( > or = 50%) and altered immune function in conjunction with an impaired cutaneous barrier. Herpes simplex virus causes mucocutaneous disease early in the course HIV infection and ulcerative lesions at any site in advanced HIV infection. Herpes zoster is common early in the course of HIV infection; recurrent and disseminated herpes zoster infections are characteristic of patients with advanced HIV disease. Acyclovir resistance is usually seen in patients with large, untreated, ulcerative lesions of herpes simplex virus and in patients with chronic, verrucous lesions of varicella-zoster virus. Cutaneous cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and coccidiomycosis are markers of disseminated disease and require biopsy confirmation. Scabies is easily diagnosed but may be atypical in presentation and difficult to eradicate in advanced HIV disease.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Angiomatosis, Bacillary; Dermatomycoses; HIV Infections; Humans; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Skin Diseases, Viral
PubMed: 7553576
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.8.3.440 -
BMJ Case Reports Dec 2011A 74-year-old patient presented with constitutional symptoms and was found to have acute kidney injury. He was known to have a prosthetic aortic valve. He was febrile...
A 74-year-old patient presented with constitutional symptoms and was found to have acute kidney injury. He was known to have a prosthetic aortic valve. He was febrile with splenomegaly and vasculitic lesions on both hands. Nephritic screen revealed strongly positive cytoplasmic-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (c-ANCA). Differential diagnosis thus included a small vessel vasculitis or infective endocarditis. Transoesophageal echocardiography demonstrated no vegetations and serial blood cultures were negative. Immunosuppression for presumed granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegeners granulomatosis) was therefore instituted. The patient deteriorated, requiring multi-organ support. Renal biopsy showed a proliferative glomerulopathy and complements were low. Atypical screen for culture negative endocarditis revealed a strongly positive IgG-antibody titre against Bartonella henselae. Immunosuppression was discontinued and treatment for chronic Bartonellosis commenced. The patient made a remarkable recovery. His renal function quickly returned to normal, and ANCA titres and complements normalised. He was discharged home after completing a 6 week course of antibiotic therapy.
Topics: Aged; Angiomatosis, Bacillary; Antibodies, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic; Bartonella henselae; Complement System Proteins; Endocarditis, Bacterial; Humans; Male
PubMed: 22669953
DOI: 10.1136/bcr.08.2011.4705.corr1 -
International Journal of Dermatology Aug 2002
Review
Topics: Angiomatosis, Bacillary; Bartonella Infections; Cat-Scratch Disease; Humans; Skin Diseases, Bacterial; Trench Fever
PubMed: 12207759
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2002.01489.x -
Journal of General Internal Medicine Feb 1998To summarize current information on the relation between CD4 counts and the risk of different HIV-related diseases. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To summarize current information on the relation between CD4 counts and the risk of different HIV-related diseases.
MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS
MEDLINE search of English language articles between 1985 and 1996 using the medical subject heading (MeSH) term "CD4 lymphocyte count" and searches using key words of multiple HIV-related diseases were conducted. Some HIV-related diseases can be stratified to different CD4 count levels. Regardless of their CD4 count, HIV-infected patients are susceptible to sinusitis, Kaposi's sarcoma, community-acquired pneumonia, and oral hairy leukoplakia. In advanced HIV, when CD4 is below 200/mm3, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, Mycobacterium avium complex, molluscum contagiosum, and bacillary angiomatosis all increase in incidence. In very advanced HIV disease, when CD4 counts are below 50/mm3, patients are at risk of pseudomonas pneumonia, cytomegalovirus retinitis, central nervous system lymphoma, aspergillosis, and disseminated histoplasmosis.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; CD4 Lymphocyte Count; Central Nervous System Diseases; HIV Infections; Humans; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Sinusitis; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 9502375
DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00031.x -
Gastroenterologie Clinique Et Biologique May 2003
Review
Topics: Angiomatosis, Bacillary; Bacterial Infections; Campylobacter Infections; Cyanobacteria; Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections; Hepatitis; Humans; Legionnaires' Disease; Listeriosis; Lyme Disease; Meningococcal Infections; Salmonella typhi; Shock, Septic; Typhoid Fever
PubMed: 12843934
DOI: No ID Found -
JAAD Case Reports May 2019
PubMed: 31192986
DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2019.02.017 -
Journal of the International... 2015Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) is a rare manifestation of infection caused by Bartonella species, which leads to vasoproliferative lesions of skin and other organs....
BACKGROUND
Bacillary angiomatosis (BA) is a rare manifestation of infection caused by Bartonella species, which leads to vasoproliferative lesions of skin and other organs. Bacillary angiomatosis affects individuals with advanced HIV disease or other immunocompromised individuals. In sub-Saharan Africa, despite the high prevalence of HIV infection and documentation of the causative Bartonella species in humans, mammalian hosts, and arthropod vectors, BA has only rarely been described.
METHODS
Three adult patients from Uganda and Kenya with deep purple dome-shaped papules or nodules of the skin underwent punch biopsies for histopathologic diagnosis. The biopsies of all 3 patients were sent to a local pathologist as well as to a dermatopathologist at the University of California, San Francisco.
RESULTS
All 3 patients were clinically suspected to have Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and local pathologists had interpreted the lesions as KS in 2 of the cases and nonspecific inflammation in the third. Histologic examination by dermatopathologists in the United States revealed nodular dermal proliferations of irregular capillaries lined by spindled to epithelioid endothelial cells. The surrounding stroma contained a mixed inflammatory infiltrate with lymphocytes, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Extracellular deposits of pale amphophilic granular material were noted in the surrounding stroma. A Warthin-Starry stain highlighted clumps of bacilli, confirming the diagnosis of BA.
CONCLUSIONS
These 3 cases, to our knowledge, are the first reports of BA in East Africa in the biomedical literature. Each had been originally incorrectly diagnosed as KS. We speculate BA is underdiagnosed and underreported in resource-poor regions, such as sub-Saharan Africa, that have high endemic rates of HIV infection.
Topics: AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections; Adult; Angiomatosis, Bacillary; Arm; Cheek; Diagnosis, Differential; Fatal Outcome; Female; Fingers; Humans; Sarcoma, Kaposi; Young Adult
PubMed: 24718378
DOI: 10.1177/2325957414521497